BERNOULLI?S THEOREM EXPERIMENT : -
An expression of the conservation of energy in the steady flow of an incompressible, inviscid fluid; it states that the quantity (p/?) + gz + (v2/2) is constant along any streamline, where p is the fluid pressure, v is the fluid velocity, ? is the mass density of the fluid, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and z is the vertical height. Also known as Bernoulli equation; Bernoulli law.
Bernoulli's theorem
An idealized algebraic relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation for flow of an inviscid fluid. Its most commonly used form is for steady flow of an incompressible fluid, pressure, ? is fluid density (assumed constant), V is flow velocity, g is the acceleration of gravity, and z is the elevation of the fluid particle.

VENTURIMETER : -
A venturimeter is a device, which is used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid through a pipe. The principle of the venturimeter was first demonstrated in 1797 by Italian physicist G.B. Venturi, but the principle was first applied by C.Hershel in 1887, to develop the device in its present form for measuring the discharge or the rate of flow of fluid through pipes. The basic principle on which a venturimeter works is that reducing the cross-sectional area of the flow passage a pressure difference is created and the measurement of the pressure difference enables the determination of the discharge through the pipe.
ORIFICE METER : -
Good water management requires that flow rates be accurately measured. A simple but economical and accurate device for the measurement of flow rates from pipes discharging to the atmosphere is the orifice meter. The orifice meter is sometimes called a pipe orifice, an end-cap orifice, or more descriptively, a circular orifice weir. Orifice meter also works on the same principle as that venturimeter. As such where the space is limited, the orifice meter may be used for the measurement of discharge through pipes.

PITOT TUBE
A Pitot tube is a pressure measuring instrument used to measure fluid flow velocity, and more specifically, used to determine the airspeed of an aircraft .The basic Pitot tube simply consists of a tube pointing directly into the fluid flow. As this tube contains air, a pressure can be measured as the moving air is brought to rest. This pressure is the stagnation pressure of the air, also known as the total pressure, or sometimes (particularly in aviation circles) the pitot pressure.

The measured stagnation pressure cannot of itself be used to determine the airspeed. However, since Bernoulli's equation states that

stagnation pressure = static pressure + dynamic pressure

METACENTRIC HEIGH : -
The metacentric height (GM) is the distance between the center of gravity of a ship and its metacenter. The GM is used to calculate the stability of a ship and this must be done before it proceeds to sea. The GM must equal or exceed the minimum required GM for that ship for the duration of the forthcoming voyage. This is to ensure that the ship has adequate stability.
Metacenter
When a ship is tilted the center of buoyancy of the ship moves. If vertical lines are drawn through these centers they meet. The point where these lines cross is the metacenter. In the diagram to the right the two Bs show the centers of buoyancy of a ship in the upright and listed condition and M is the metacenter. The metacenter is considered to be fixed for small angles of heel however at larger angles of heel the metacenter can no longer be considered fixed and other means must be found to calculate the ship's stability. The metacenter can be calculated using the formula.
Where B is the center of buoyancy, I is the moment of inertia of the waterplane in meters4 and V is the volume of displacement in metres3.

MINOR LOSSES
The losses that occur in pipelines due to bends, elbows, joints, valves, sudden enlargement, sudden contraction etc. are sometimes called minor losses. For all minor losses in turbulent flow, the head loss varies as the square of the velocity. Thus a convenient method of expressing the minor losses in flow is by means of a loss coefficient (k). Values of the loss coefficient (k) for typical situations and fittings is found in standard handbooks.

FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE & MOUTHPIECE : -
An orifice is an opening having a closed perimeter, made in the walls or the bottom of a tank or a vessel containing fluid, through which the fluid may be discharged. A Mouthpiece is a short tube of length not more than two to three times its diameter, which is fitted to a circular opening or orifice of the same diameter, provided in a tank or a vessel containing a fluid, such that it is extension of the orifice and through which also the fluid may be discharged. Both the orifice and the mouthpieces are usually used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid.

FLOW THROUGH NOTCHES
A notch may be defined as an opening provided in the side of a tank such that the liquid surface in the tank is below the top edge of the opening. Notches made of metallic plates are also provided in narrow channels in order to measure the rate of flow of liquid. As such in general notches are used for measuring the rate of flow of liquid from a tank or in a channel.

The notches are usually classified according to the shape of the opening as rectangular notch, triangular notch (or V-notch), trapezoidal notch, parabolic notch and stepped notch. In our laboratory rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal notch are present.

IMPACT OF JET ON VANES : -
A jet of fluid emerging from a nozzle has some velocity and hence it possesses a certain amount of kinetic energy. If this jet strikes on obstruction placed in its path, it will exert a force on the obstruction. This imposed force is known as impact of the jet and it is designated as hydrodynamic force, in order to distinguish it from the forces due to hydrostatic pressure. Hence the impulse-momentum principle may be utilized to evaluate the hydrodynamic force exerted on a body by a fluid jet. In this experiment different cases of forces exerted by free jets on stationary and moving plates or vanes of different shapes have been discussed.

TURBINES
Hydraulic turbines are the machines, which use the energy of water and convert it into mechanical energy. The mechanical energy developed by a turbine is used in electric energy.
In our laboratory Pelton Wheel turbine and Francis Wheel turbine are present and in running condition.

PELTON WHEEL TURBINE : -
This is the only impulse type of turbine now in common use. It is named after Lester A Pelton, the American engineer who contributed much to its development in about 1880. It is well suited for operating under high heads. The power developed by a pelton wheel provided with a single jet is usually quite low.

FRANCIS TURBINE
This is mixed flow type of reaction turbine. It is named in honour of James B. Francis. An American engineer, who was the first to developed modern Francis turbine. In which water enters the runner radially at its outer periphery and leaves axially at its centre. It is well suited for operating under low heads.

PUMPS : -
A pump may be defined as a mechanical device, which converts the mechanical energy to hydraulic energy. In our laboratory reciprocating pump and centrifugal pump are present and in running form.

RECIPROCATIG PUMP
These pumps usually have one or more chambers, which are alternately filled with the liquid to be pumped and then emptied again. As such the discharge of liquid pumped by these pumps almost wholly depends on the speed of the pump. A reciprocating pump can handle only pure water or less viscous liquids free from impurities as otherwise its values may cause frequent trouble. This pump can handle only small quantity of liquid.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP : -
Centrifugal pumps are classified as rotodynamic type of pumps in which a dynamic pressure is developed which enables the lifting of liquids from a lower to a higher level. The basic principle on which a centrifugal pump works is that when a certain mass of liquid is made to rotate by an external force, it is thrown away from the central axis of rotation and a centrifugal head is impressed which enables it to rise to a higher level. These pumps the lifting of the liquid is due to centrifugal action. The discharge capacity of this pump is very high.

REYNOLD?S APPARATUS
The existence of the two types of flow, laminar and turbulent, was demonstrated by Osborne Reynolds in 1883, with the help of a simple experiment.
Reynolds deduced from his experiment that at low velocities the intermingling of the fluid particles was altogether absent and that the fluid particles moved in parallel layers or laminae, sliding past adjacent laminae but not mixing with them. This is the regime of laminar flow. Since at higher velocities the dye filament diffused through the tube, it was apparent that the intermingling of the fluid particles was occurring, or in other words the flow was turbulent. Friction Factor : - Darcy-Weisbach equation is commonly used for computing the loss of head due to friction in pipes. The observation show that the friction factor f is not a constant but its value depends on the roughness condition of the pipe surface and the Reynolds number of the flow. As such in order to determine the loss of head due to friction correctly, it is essential to estimate the value of the factor f correctly.